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Abstract:
This study was to explore the effects of intensive training on sitting height growth between professional and non-professional gymnasts. The study contained both groups; 40 professional and 40 non-professional male artistic gymnasts. Professional gymnasts experienced a lower rise in sitting height growth (SHG) following rigorous training (RT) intervention than non-professional gymnasts. Professionals' mean and SD scores for the pre-test and post-test were 80.99 ±9.06 and 80.73 ±12.98, respectively. The mean difference -0.26% for both tests and the p>0.91 suggests that the differences are statistically significant. Non-professional mean and SD scores for the pre and post-tests were 80.28±9.14 and 82.87±5.83, respectively. The tests also showed a mean difference of 2.59% in both cases, and p<0.01 indicated that the differences were statistically significant. The finding, in comparison to non-professional groups, the SHG of male artistic gymnasts (ages 14–17) was more adversely impacted by RT in professional gymnasts.
Key Words:
Artistic Gymnastics, International Federation of Gymnastics, Intensive Training, Sitting Height
Introduction
Physical activity is the primary driver of physical fitness and plays a fundamental role in growth and development, especially during childhood and adolescence. Physical activity comprises a vast range of physical movements that may be incorporated into daily life through activities such as active commuting, gardening, and housework (??bernyk et al., 2020). Furthermore, regular exercise is important for preserving a healthy body weight, boosting cardiovascular and muscular fitness, and promoting bone health (Khan et al., 2023; Obidovna & Sulaymonovich, 2022). Sport is concerning the exertion of the body in which the body is exercised according to its aptitude, and capacity, and at the same time, the people who take part in it enjoy this physical system (Berryman et al., 2019). Sports are planned and organized endeavors that feature competitive play and are regulated by regulations and rules of engagement. They are frequently performed in teams or individually (McCardle et al., 2017). Contemporary gymnastics is credited to Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, a German physical education instructor recognized as the "Father of Gymnastics".Jahn created "Turnen," a regimen of exercises that included calisthenics, acrobatics, and equipment work, in the early nineteenth century.
Balyi et al. (2013) gymnastics distinguishes among sports as an uncommon discipline that mixes athleticism with artistic expression. Gymnastics developed from traditional physical training routines into a formalized discipline that requires precision, strength, flexibility, and imagination. Gymnastics truly takes athletes to new heights. Competitors perform amazing trampoline performances, doing high-flying somersaults, twists, and turns with exceptional accuracy and control. Gymnasts seek maximum height and perform sophisticated aerial routines, which demand tremendous force, timing, and spatial awareness (Fryar et al., 2023).
Farana et al., (2023) the dynamic and complicated sport of AG necessitates a special synthesis of physical prowess, creative expression, and flexibility. Additionally, Bryan et al. (2017) exploring the mental toughness, confidence, and resilience required to succeed in high-stress competitive contexts have drawn attention to the psychological side of sport. While AG has drawn attention for its beauty and grace, researchers like Turner and McCarthy (2017) have emphasized the potential harms of intensive training on developing athletes and stressed the significance of finding a balance between both. It is remarkably widely recognized and prominent in the field of study in artistic gymnastics blends strength, flexibility, and aesthetic expression in routines performed on various equipment.
Bouamra et al. (2022) and Giessing et al. (2016) indicate that intense training may result in considerable gains in performance, body composition, and general health. To minimize the danger of injuries and assure long-term success, however, careful planning, competent coaching, and attention to recuperation are required.
Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant effect of intensive training on the siting height growth in male professional and non-professional gymnasts in Artistic Gymnastics.
H1A: There is significant of intensive training on the siting height growth in male professional and non-professional gymnasts in Artistic Gymnastics.
Research Objective
To analyze the possessions of intensive exercise on the sitting height growth of male professional and non-professional gymnasts in Artistic Gymnastics.
Gap Analysis
Malina et al. (2013) determination of this study was to figure out the role of intensive exercise in the growth and maturation of artistic gymnastics. To date, the causal connections between training and growth have not been established due to data limitations, inadequate training specifications, neglect of additional factors influencing maturation and development, and failure to address biological criteria for causality. The subsequent conclusions were accepted after taking into account the mentioned limitations: 1) Intense gymnastics training does not appear to impair the adult height or almost adult height of male and female artistic gymnasts; 2) Gymnastics training does not appear to reduce the sitting height growth (SHG) of body segment lengths. Therefore, the author analyzed the effects of intensive training on sitting height in children aged 14-17 years through this study. Because the growth rate in children of this age (14-17 years) is much higher than in adolescence and young adulthood.
Literature Review
Nurmasitoh (2015) conducted a study on the activity of high intensity of exercise and the low intensity of exercise increases the same amount of immune system. For this purpose, low-intensity exercise such as yoga was taken and studied which indicated that low-intensity exercise increased immunity as compared to high-intensity exercise. For example, if you take Gymnastics which is a high-intensity exercise as compared to yoga which is a low-intensity exercise then there is much evidence that gymnasts will have better immune levels. Yoga only helps to keep the body's muscles relaxed (Salchow et al., 2021).
Sports Training
Jose et al. (2021) concluded that cognitive control and relaxation techniques are an important part of any athlete's training that can be practiced psychologically. The power of the players' emotional intelligence is used to keep the players emotionally motivated and emotionally balanced. Therefore, the effects of slow breathing on the cardiac may be affected but information may be required to know the psychological benefits (Silva et al., 2020). Kim et al. (2021) found that coordination and focus are also required as an integral part of many sports. For instance, Archery requires psychological training, and it explains how to improve the player's performance and psychological skills with the help of training. The result stated that psychological intervention has a significant effect on archery. It is important for them to choose the place and time which can have a negative or positive effect on the performance of the player psychologically.
Intensive Training
Núñez et al., (2018) athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and professionals in a variety of sports and athletic professions frequently use rigorous training. While difficult, intense training may result in considerable gains in performance, body composition, and general health. To minimize the danger of injuries and assure long-term success, however, careful planning, competent coaching, and attention to recuperation are required. Keeping in mind the demand of specific sports, one has to prepare for it in the training field. If an athlete has to compete in sports having rigorous intensity moves, he has to be trained hard for it. Plyometric training has been used to look into these reasons. The use of which gives athletes a variety of range of motion (high jumps, sprint, speed, explosiveness, range of motion, muscular strength, and agility) to improve their body over a wide range of physical strength (Rico-González et al., 2021).
Artistic Gymnastics
Kilijanek and Sanchez (2019) reported that gymnastics can be divided into different disciplines, including AG, RG, TG, Ar-G, and Ac-G, each with its exclusive set of BMs. Menegaldo et al. (2023) also concluded that rhythmic gymnastics is a unique and artistic sport that combines elements of dance, and gymnastics which does allow for the development of more joint mobility, whereas AG enhances more strength, balance, and endurance. They recommended that further research using bigger samples should replicate the results rather than relying on the study's limited sample size. Maszczyk et al. (2018) looked at the disparities in peak torque development and flexion/extension ratios among non-athletes and gymnasts at pre- and post-pubertal ages. The results not only show the consequences of long-term gymnastic training, but, they also highlight the disparity that exists between the arm's agonists and antagonists, which increases the risk of injury.
Physical Growth
Alves and Alves (2019) conducted their study on the
"Effects of PA on Children's Growth". These topics included height growth, bone and muscle tissue growth, and bone density. They discovered that practically all research supported the safety of aerobic and anaerobic workouts for kids and teenagers that are mild to moderate in intensity. Similarly, Chan et al. (2022) also reveal that while some studies showed an increase in bone and muscle tissue growth in child and adolescent athletes, retrieve studies did not show that playing sports or engaging in PA, particularly Basketball and floor gymnastics, affected the linear growth of children or adolescents. From fetal life to adolescence, they concluded that the data seemed to support the assumption that PA is safe for both the pregnant mother and the unborn child, even though there were not enough studies with adequate methodology, particularly randomized clinical trials. According to research, PA promotes a child's linear growth and helps with healthy skeletal and muscular development, perhaps having a good lifetime impact. (Dallolio et al., 2022).
Methodology:
Study Design
The research design used for the study under review was a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). The data for this study were gathered using the RCT data-collecting approach. After that, the gymnasts who volunteered to participate in the study provided the data. There were three phases to the data collection process: 1) Before the intervention stage; 2) During the intervention stage and 3) After the intervention stage.
Study Setting
According to the FIG rules, artistic gymnastics (AG) is one sort of apparatus floor exercise used in this study. 80 gymnasts from Multan and Lahore, two sizable regions of Pakistan, were chosen as 4-AGs in order to perform these physical movements on the gymnastics apparatus. Through intervention, the gymnasts' strength, agility, balance, coordination, and flexibility were evaluated.
Population
Gymnasts ranging in age from 7 to 26 were registered as participants (N = 225) at these clubs. Respondents volunteered for this study, and four gymnastics clubs from the Lahore and Multan districts were chosen at random.
Table 1 Total Population of Study
| Sr. # width="43%">Gymnasts Categories width="41%">Male Gymnasts (age 7-26) | > 1 width="43%" nowrap="">Professional width="41%" nowrap="">80 | > 2 width="43%" nowrap="">Non- Professional width="41%" nowrap="">133 | > width="43%" nowrap=""> Total width="41%" nowrap="">225 |
Table 1 lists the people involved in this study, who were aged 7–26 and were split into two groups: professional (n = 80) and non-professional (n = 133) gymnasts from four carefully chosen artistic gymnastics.
Table 2
| Sr. # width="32%">Gymnasts Categories width="18%">14-15 Age width="20%">16-17 Age width="13%">Total | > 1 width="32%">Professional width="18%">45 width="20%">40 width="13%">85 | > 2 width="32%">Non- Professional width="18%">40 width="20%">22 width="13%">62 | > width="32%"> Total width="18%">85 width="20%">62 width="13%">147 | ||||||||||
| Sr. # width="24%" nowrap="" rowspan="2">Gymnasts Categories width="17%" rowspan="2">Total Population (14-17 Age) width="18%" rowspan="2">Sample (14-17 Age) width="17%" rowspan="2">Sample (14-17 Age) width="15%" rowspan="2">Total Sample Size > | > > | 1 width="24%" nowrap="">Professional width="17%" nowrap="">85 width="18%" nowrap="">20 width="17%" nowrap="">20 width="15%" nowrap="">40 > | > 2 width="24%" nowrap="">Non- Professional width="17%" nowrap="">62 width="18%" nowrap="">20 width="17%" nowrap="">20 width="15%" nowrap="">40 > | > Total width="17%" nowrap="">147 width="18%" nowrap="">40 width="17%" nowrap="">40 width="15%" nowrap="">80 > | |||||||||
| width="45%" colspan="4"> Age width="12%">Total | > width="11%"> 14 width="11%">15 width="11%">16 width="11%">17 width="12%"> | > Professional width="14%">Count width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="12%">40 | > % width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="12%">50.0% | > Non-Professional width="14%">Count width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="11%">10 width="12%">40 | > % width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="11%">50% width="12%">50.0% | > Total width="14%">Count width="11%">20 width="11%">20 width="11%">20 width="11%">20 width="12%">80 | > % width="11%">25.0% width="11%">25.0% width="11%">25.0% width="11%">25.0% width="12%">100.0% | ||||||
| Sr.# width="20%" nowrap="" rowspan="2"> width="60%" nowrap="" colspan="3">Shapiro-Wilk | > Statistic width="10%" nowrap="">Df width="20%" nowrap="">P | > 1 width="20%" nowrap="">Sitting Height width="29%" nowrap="">0.84 width="10%" nowrap="">80 width="20%" nowrap="">0.00* | > 2 width="20%" nowrap="">BM-HP4 width="29%" nowrap="">0.94 width="10%" nowrap="">40 width="20%" nowrap="">0.04* | > 3 width="20%" nowrap="">BM-HP5 width="29%" nowrap="">0.89 width="10%" nowrap="">40 width="20%" nowrap="">0.00* | |||||||||
| Variables width="26%" nowrap="" colspan="3">Professional Gymnasts width="31%" nowrap="" colspan="3">Non-professional Gymnasts | > (n=40) width="31%" nowrap="" colspan="3">(n=40) | > width="9%" nowrap=""> Mean width="7%" nowrap="">SD width="9%" nowrap="">P width="10%" nowrap="">Mean width="9%" nowrap="">SD width="10%" nowrap="">P | > Sitting Height before intervention width="9%" nowrap="">80.99 width="7%" nowrap="">9.06 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">80.28 width="9%" nowrap="">9.14 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > Sitting Height after intervention width="9%" nowrap="">80.73 width="7%" nowrap="">12.98 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">82.87 width="9%" nowrap="">5.83 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > ? Before - After interview Sitting Height width="9%" nowrap="">-0.26 width="7%" nowrap="">3.92 width="9%" nowrap="">0.91 width="10%" nowrap="">2.59 width="9%" nowrap="">-3.31 width="10%" nowrap="">0.01 | > RST-HP4 before intervention width="9%" nowrap="">0.28 width="7%" nowrap="">0.31 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">1.19 width="9%" nowrap="">0.22 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > RST-HP4 after intervention width="9%" nowrap="">3.06 width="7%" nowrap="">0.29 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">2.39 width="9%" nowrap="">0.28 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > ? Before - After interview RST-HP4 width="9%" nowrap="">2.78 width="7%" nowrap="">-0.02 width="9%" nowrap=""><0.001 width="10%" nowrap="">1.2 width="9%" nowrap="">0.06 width="10%" nowrap="">0.11 | > RST-HP5 before intervention width="9%" nowrap="">0.35 width="7%" nowrap="">0.39 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">0.3 width="9%" nowrap="">0.2 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > RST-HP5 after intervention width="9%" nowrap="">3.13 width="7%" nowrap="">0.34 width="9%" nowrap=""> width="10%" nowrap="">0.34 width="9%" nowrap="">0.27 width="10%" nowrap=""> | > ? Before - After interview RST-HP5 width="9%" nowrap="">2.78 width="7%" nowrap="">-0.05 width="9%" nowrap=""><0.001 width="10%" nowrap="">0.04 width="9%" nowrap="">0.07 width="10%" nowrap="">0.21 | ||
| Participant ID width="36%"> width="30%">PG in Pre & Post Test | > Professional Group width="36%">Z width="30%">-3.28b | > P. (2-tailed) width="30%"><.001 | > Non-Professional Group width="36%">Z width="30%">-3.27b | > P. (2-tailed) width="30%"><.001 |