Abstract:

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the Pre and Post 9/11 Era in Perspectives of the Impact of Terrorism on Sports at Secondary School Level in South Waziristan Agency. All the secondary schools and Agency Education office of SWA were the proposed place of the work. The researcher focused on the rural Secondary level Schools. Close ended questionnaire was used for the data collection. Stratified sample technique was adopted for the current study. The sample of study was 248 consisting of physical Education teachers, general teachers and athletes. Correlation and regression test were applied for the data analyses.  The results show The relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level was negative it was also concluded that Terrorism has negative impact upon sports activities conducted among the secondary schools after 9/11 era in South Waziristan Agency.  The researcher recommended that Government may pay special attention to School Sports and give full proof security during sports Competitions.

Key Words:

Pre and Post 9/11 era, Terrorism and Sports, School Level

Introduction

The term terrorism refers to the intended violence to create wide spread sense of insecurity and terror in the people at large scale. Ruby (2002) has defined terrorism as any act of violence focusing upon destruction and creating terrible environment among the masses. The Dictionary of Social Sciences has defined terrorism as “The use of unlawful force in terms of violence disrupting the socio-economical and administrative setup of the society. Terrorists always try to cause massive damage to the lives and property so that to create the feelings and threat of terror (Bergesen, 2006). As a matter of fact, focus of the terrorists mostly remains upon the soft targets like educational institutions, cinema, railway station, religious congregations, bus-stand etc. Attacking soft targets, terrorist activity is regarded as successful in attaining attention of the media. Terrorist attack on a soft target resulting in high death toll is regarded as the successful one in terms of its objectives (Enders & Sandler 1993). Suicide bomb blast is the successful and widely used method followed in most of the terrorist attacks. Being a front line state, Pakistan has been one of the worst victims of this menace in terms of damage to the lives and property of the masses. In addition to that, on financial aspect, Pakistan has undergone irreparable revenue loss in all walks of life. In perspectives of sports, when Srilankan Cricket team was attacked by the terrorists in 2009, different countries refused to send their teams to Pakistan and resultantly all the scheduled visits of the foreign teams for participation in different games were cancelled.  As stated earlier, terrorism has affected various aspects of life in Pakistan particularly in the western boarder of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). There are seven administrative units called “Agency” which are FATA which mean that those Tribal areas which are Administered by Federal government. On account of the terrorism, in 2009 more than three million people from FATA were internally displaced from their homes. They were forced to flee their homes due to wide spread incidents of terrorism, military operations and American drone attacks (Hussain, 2007). In this study the researcher intends to examine the effects of terrorism in perspectives of sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan Agency (SWA). To evaluate the status of sports activities in secondary schools during the pre and post 9/11 scenario, the researcher intends to undertake a study entitled “Pre and post 9/11 era in perspectives of the impact of terrorism upon sports at secondary level in South Waziristan Agency”

Problem Statement

The youth of today are the rulers, doctors, engineers and players of tomorrow. Educational institutions play the role of nursery in terms of fueling the national teams. But unfortunately in the existing scenario, sports activities at the school level particularly in the SWA have largely been disrupted rather discontinued. In the near past in 1994, the world of Cricket, Hockey, Squash and Snooker were dominated by Pakistan. The present scenario is directly associated with the menace of terrorism. In the present scenario, the researcher intends to conduct a research study entitled “Pre and post 9/11 era in perspectives of the impact of terrorism on sports at secondary level in South Waziristan Agency” 

Objectives of the Study

To determine the impact of terrorism and its allied military operations on the sports activities of the secondary schools in the post 9/11 era in SWA, 

To see the relationship between the pre 9/11 sports and post 9/11 sports in secondary school of South Waziristan agency and to suggest recommendations for the promotion of sports activities in SWA.

Literature review

As a matter of fact, instantly the political and other relations of the nations have been revolving round the focal point of terrorism and it has become the core issue round which the world affairs revolve. Terrorism has become a global menace and we see that no part of the world, no aspect of social life and no nation of the world is immune to it. Terrorism has so for caused end to more than 59694 lives since its outbreak in 2003 (Marwat, 2016). In addition to the massive loss to the lives and other assets, Pakistan has been forced to confront financial loss in the field of international sports activities, in shape of foreign exchange of more than $ 125 million on account of security situation. Irrespective of its form or style of violence, terrorism is always aimed at to create the fearful environment and to compel the authorities to surrender to the heinous designs of the terrorists (Charles Townshend, 2002). Need of the hour is to put an end to this evil by addressing the causative factors that are forcing and compelling the ones to follow the way of terrorism for fulfilling their vested interests. Major reasons behind the inception of terrorism include social injustice, frustration, deprivation, illiteracy, religious radicalism and socio-economic disparity (Marwat, 2016). Before the frequency which happened on September 11, 2001 (9/11) and which had purportedly said to be the fear monger assault upon the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York city, United State of America, the world's normal exercises like legislative issues, exchange, strategy, common relations, and sports, all were going on towards their foreordained goals. Everything was ordinary and OK till 9/11 however occurring of this occasion separated the occasions of the world into pre and post 9/11 time. Unmistakable change in all parts of worldwide exercises can be viewed as it has influenced life of the majority in various structures and signs. Various speculations exist about the occurrence of this rate. Fear inspired notion is broadly embraced and most countries of the world acknowledge that it was cautiously structured and skillfully created arrangement of the West against the Muslim world. Regardless of its world, it is possible that it was pre-arranged or incidental; psychological warfare has influenced the whole globe taking substantial toll fit as a fiddle of a huge number of lives and property. 

According to the study of the Bartlett (1997) Sport or Sports incorporates all types of focused physical action or diversions which through easygoing or sorted out investment, plan to utilize, keep up or enhance physical capacity and aptitudes while giving satisfaction to members, and now and again, excitement for spectators. Hundreds of games exist, from those between single competitors, through to those with several concurrent members, either in groups or contending as people. In specific games, for example, hustling, numerous challengers may contend, at the same time or continuously, with one victor; in others, the challenge (a match) is between opposite sides, each endeavoring to surpass the other. A few games permit a tie diversion; others give attach breaking strategies to guarantee one victor and one failure. Various challenges might be orchestrated in a competition creating a victor. Numerous games leagues make a yearly boss by organizing amusements in a customary games season, followed at times by playoffs. According to the study of the Schempp (1987) post 9/11 fear mongering gravely influenced each stroll of life including sports. No games are conceivable in a territory where there is fear mongering and where quiet environment is inadequate. The two games and peace are firmly related with one another and both are reliant. Countries have demonstrated extraordinary worry in such manner amid the previous couple of years. The foundation of "Sports for Development and Peace" (SDP) is a substantial confirmation of the previously mentioned certainty. Instructive establishments are the best region in points of view of accomplishing this objective. Centering upon the ongoing approach setting inside the UK, this paper offers a survey of the proof identified with the results of the interest of youngsters and youngsters in curricular physical instruction and game. Specific consideration is paid to potential commitments that such exercises can make towards social incorporation and the improvement of social capital. Ruby (2002) has characterized fear based oppression as any demonstration of viciousness centering upon annihilation and making horrible condition among the majority. Fear mongering implies badgering, demolition, suicide assault and executing of blameless individuals on no reasons.

Terrorism bothers the occupants, harm framework, cause a decrease in financial prosperity, bring political unsteadiness, and break the social texture of the general public (Enders & Sandler 2006). Psychological warfare influences the monetary development of a nation by bringing down outside direct venture, capital arrangement, and speculation and builds hazard observation. The term fear mongering alludes to the planned brutality to make across the board feeling of uncertainty and dread in the general population everywhere scale (As per the examination of the Australian Government Altorney – General’s Department, 2006). The assurance of the issue of dread mongering did not vitalize the organization or scholastics of the country to grasp a thorough examination of the costs of mental abuse. No effective examination revolves around assessing the incident to add up to budgetary components. A couple of data are presented on cost of mental persecution in Pakistan yet they are harsh measures missing much consistent preface (for example, both are unique checks by government specialists). This absence of thorough examination of mental fighting in Pakistan limits game plan makers and scholastics' ability to characterize and test hypotheses, to lead operational organizing and to take amazing counterterrorism measures for Pakistan. Furthermore, the finishes from an extensive bit of the examinations on money related impact of mental mistreatment can't be immediately associated with Pakistan as they are cross-country examinations where diverse country specific factors are regularly ignored (Flett & Hewitt 2005). These examinations are especially disposed to heterogeneity inclination. According to the findings of the Halstead (2004) Religious training through madrasahs provides food the need of the sizeable populace and madrasah hold a noticeable position in the Pakistani society.78 Pakistan is poor, badly represented state and training for masses isn't on a need list. Provincial and fringe areas are the most ignored part. Under these conditions Madrasahs gives would like to instruction to understudies. General observation about madrasah instruction is that it joined with viciousness and militancy.84 during medieval period, Madrasahs was the place to save and advance Muslim culture. Madrasahs was viewed as the focal point of information and foundation of advanced education. Anyway amid provincial period couple of Madrasahs were radicalizing to battle for self-assurance. Afterward, Madrasahs were partitioned on partisan lines and one sided convictions in Pakistan are "held sacred".85 Based on the partisan convictions following Madrasahs instructive board rose. According to the study of the Taylor and Toohey (2005)The psychological oppressor occurrence deeply affected Pakistani cricket. The 2011 Cricket World Cup was to be encouraged by Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh anyway in the wake of these attacks on the Sri Lankan cricket gathering, the International Cricket Council (ICC) stripped Pakistan of encouraging rights. Encouraging the world compartment also inferred upgrading sports workplaces where the matches were to be held and moreover a lot of pay would have Strategic Studies. Because of expanding militancy, no worldwide cricket group has visited Pakistan since 2009 and Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) is obliged to have all its home arrangement at unbiased scenes in United Arab Emirates, which involves decrease in pay as well as aims increment in costs. Since the assault, cricket groups of India and Bangladesh have dropped their booked visits to Pakistan which brought about by and large loss of about USD 97 Million to PCB. Misfortune is managed in the heads of offer of: Television Rights, Sponsorships and In-stadia rights, Radio telecom, SMS and Audio Streaming Rights, Gate Money and so on. Because of facilitating its homes arrangement at unbiased setting, PCB is causing extra consumption of about USD 1.4 Million for every series.27 

Hypotheses of the Study

The relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in south Waziristan agency will be negative.

Terrorism has negative impact upon sports activities conducted among the secondary schools after 9/11 era in SWA.

Method and martial

To reach at certain findings and conclusion the research adopted the following procedures. All the secondary schools and Agency Education office of SWA were the proposed place of the work. The researcher focused on the rural Secondary level Schools. The data collection instrument was likert type questionnaire with the 5 options of the questionnaire. Close ended questionnaire was used to investigate the problem. Population for this study was comprise of the Agency Education Officer, all general teachers, Physical Education teacher and athletes of the twenty-eighth Secondary Schools working in the vicinity of South Waziristan Agency. The sample was selected using Stratified and simple random sampling technique at the final stage of sampling procedure Physical Education Teachers were 20, General Teachers were 36 and Athletes were 192. The total sample of the study was 248. In respect of gender total male respondents were 178 and female were 70. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were done according to the research process. The total statements in the questionnaire were 51 which were considered valid and reliable. The reliability process was done by the researcher using Cronbach’s alpha reliability method.  .928 reliability was appeared for impact of terrorism upon secondary school sports, .918 Cronbach’s alpha reliability appeared for pre 9/11 era questionnaire and .976 reliability was appeared for post 9/11 era questionnaire. The final questionnaire distributed by the researcher and to get information from the female respondents the researcher make female teams to get data from the female respondents due to cultural limitations. The return ratio of the questionnaire was 80%... For the purpose of validating the hypothesis, the collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using inferential statistical methods from Statistical Package for Social Science, (SPSS) version 20.0. The researcher used Simple linear regression, Pearson’s Correlations Coefficient. The alpha to test the hypothesis was .01 for Correlation and .05 (Sampling error I) for other statistical Techniques.

Data analyses

H1: The relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in south Waziristan agency will be negative.  

Pearson’s Correlations Coefficients showing the relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in south Waziristan agency will be negative.  




Table 1.

Testing Variables                          Statistics		terrorism at South Waziristan Agency	post 9/11 sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan Agency
Terrorism At SWA	Pearson Correlation	1	-.390
	Sig. (2-tailed)		.005
	N	248	248
post 9/11 sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan Agency	Pearson Correlation	-.390	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.005
	N	248	248

 

The above Table showing the correlations coefficients between the pre 9/11 and post 9/11 sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan agency. The Table indicates that there is negative relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 sports activities at secondary school level r² = -.093, Sig. = .004 < a= .01 which indicates that the hypothesis H1: “The relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in south Waziristan agency will be negative” is hereby accepted.

 

Terrorism has negative impact upon sports activities conducted among the secondary schools after 9/11 era in SWA.    

Simple linear regression showing the impact of Terrorism upon sports activities conducted among the secondary school after 9/11 era in SWA

Table 2

Predictor	Dependent	R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	F	T	?	Sig.
Impact of terrorism	Secondary school sports	.390a	.152	.150	87.384	23.448	.40	.003b

 

The above Table 4.27 shows that terrorism has negative impact upon sports activities conducted among the secondary school after 9/11 era in South Waziristan Agency ?= .40, t(246) = 23.448, P < .05. The variation in sports activities due to terrorism was negative R²= .152, F = .87, P = .003 < .05. Hence the hypothesis Terrorism has negative impact upon sports activities conducted among the secondary schools after 9/11 era in South Waziristan Agency is hereby accepted.

Discussion

The aim of the study was investigate the Impact of Terrorism on Sports at Secondary School Level in South Waziristan Agency. It was concluded that the relationship between pre 9/11 and post 9/11 era in perspective of impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan agency was negative. In the same phenomena it was also concluded that there was negative impact of terrorism on sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan agency. According to the study of theTaylor and Toohey (2005) the psychological oppressor occurrence deeply affected Pakistani cricket. The 2011 Cricket World Cup was to be encouraged by Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh anyway in the wake of these attacks on the Sri Lankan cricket gathering, the International Cricket Council (ICC) stripped Pakistan of encouraging rights. Fakhar (2010) the assurance of the issue of dread mongering did not vitalize the organization or scholastics of the country to grasp a thorough examination of the costs of mental abuse. No effective examination revolves around assessing the incident to add up to budgetary components. In addition to the massive loss to the lives and other assets, Pakistan has been forced to confront financial loss in the field of international sports activities, in shape of foreign exchange of more than $ 125 million on account of security situation. Irrespective of its form or style of violence, terrorism is always aimed at to create the fearful environment and to compel the authorities to surrender to the heinous designs of the terrorists (Charles Townshend, 2002).

Conclusion

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the Pre and Post 9/11 Era in Perspectives of the Impact of Terrorism on Sports at Secondary School Level in South Waziristan Agency. All the secondary schools and Agency Education office of SWA were the proposed place of the work. The main purpose of the study was investigate the Pre and Post 9/11 Era in Perspectives of the Impact of Terrorism on Sports at Secondary School Level in South Waziristan Agency. The independent variable of the study was terrorism/9/11 incident and dependent variable of the study was Sports at secondary school level in South Waziristan Agency. The researcher also concluded that male and female respondents were gave same respondents regarding the phenomenon and also different categories of respondents were same regarding the impact of terrorism upon the sports participation of secondary school students. The students may avoid the discussion and debate regarding the terrorism and may concentrate upon their academics and sports participation which may leads towards their physical and psychological wellbeing and good academic output. The government may repair Sports arena and play grounds which were ruined by terrorist because they think that it’s a sin in South Waziristan Agency

References

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• Charles, Townshend (2002). Terrorism a very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Pakistan.
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