Abstract:

The need for mental wellness consciousness grows as the negative stigma associated with mental illness establishes numerous barriers. When renting a home, applying for a job, or evaluating mental health services, those suffering from mental disorders face prejudice and discrimination. The present research sought to assess physical therapy students' views toward individuals suffering from mental illnesses. The cross-sectional study design was used, with 377 questionnaires brimming out by undergraduate DPT students from various universities in Karachi. The study concluded that perception of majority of undergraduate physical therapy students towards people with mental illness was negative.

Key Words:

Weight Management, Practice, Health, Fat, Patient

Introduction

A feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a form of behavior. A state of mental and neurological preparedness organized through experience that exerts an indicative or dynamic influence on the person's reaction to all things and circumstances that are related to them (Esentürk, O. K.  ?lhan, E. L., Çavdar, E. 2018). We tend to evaluate the way things (or explain things). It is influenced by what we learn to believe in the world (for example, people are basically good or basically bad), ourselves and others, what we learn to like or dislike, and how we learn to react to people, and things (Moelyaningrum, A. D., Ngibad, K., Herawati, D., Sunu, P., & Setiawan, M. I. 2017).

A disorder known as mental illness involves modifications to mood, thought, or behavior (or a combination of these). Pain and/or issues that affect daily social, professional, or familial activities are linked to mental illness. Mental disease is curable. Most persons who suffer from mental illness nonetheless participate in daily life (Mason, J. 2011). Reasons for mental illness Many factors can contribute to mental health issues. in the future for you have the choice of the two options. The choice of the two options of abuse, trauma, or neglect during childhood, Being alone or apart from others stigmatization and discrimination Social exclusion, poverty, or debt, grief (the loss of a loved one), extreme or ongoing stress, physical health over time, lacking a job or losing one, either homelessness or inadequate housing Major trauma in adulthood, such as military conflict, involvement in a serious life-threatening occurrence, or victim of a violent crime. Long-term care of someone, drug and alcohol misuse, domestic violence. Physical causes: For instance, neurological conditions like epilepsy or brain injuries might influence your behavior and mood. Your mental health may be impacted by lifestyle factors such as employment, meals, medications, and insufficient sleep, symptoms and signs (American Psychiatric Association. 2018).

Depending on the illness, environment, and other factors, the signs and symptoms of mental illness can differ. Mental illness symptoms can have an impact on mood, thoughts, and behavior. Feeling sad or depressed, for instance, or experiencing any of the following Severe emotional ups and downs, mental disorientation or difficulty to concentrate, excessive dread, concern, or guilt avoiding social gatherings and activities, Substantial exhaustion, low energy, trouble sleeping, difficulty to handle stress, inability to comprehend events and relationships, and issues with alcohol or drug use are just a few of the symptoms that can occur, significant dietary changes that are driven by changes Gender, excessive hatred, fury, or violence Suicide notions. When a mental health illness is present, its symptoms can also present physically as headaches, backaches, stomachaches, or other types of unexplained pain., personal effects of mental illness (Masih, P. P. 2016).

Genes: Physical health issues might be influenced by the same genes that make you more prone to mental health issues. Reduced motivation: You may feel fatigued or unmotivated to take care of yourself if you have mental health issues or are taking drugs. Your mental health issues make it difficult for you to focus and plan and you might find it challenging to make or keep appointments for medical care.

Lack of support for changing unhealthy behaviors; healthcare professionals may assume that you are unable to make adjustments and will not offer any assistance in cutting back on alcohol use or quitting smoking. is unlikely to receive medical assistance, for instance. Instead of conducting more research, health practitioners can conclude that your physical problems are related to your mental disorder. Routine examinations that can identify physical health concerns early, such as blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol tests. (Putnam, C. 2010).

Mental illness's effects on families and cares include: The patient's immediate family or other close relatives are frequently responsible for providing care for the mentally ill. Due to the demands of caring for mental patients, family members and cares of patients with mental problems are frequently unable to work at their full potential, which reduces economic productivity and family income. Families may experience extreme chronic stress due to the emotional and physical difficulties of caring for family members with mental illnesses (Rogers, P. 2003).

Consequences of mental illness on society: Those with mental illnesses are also more likely to disregard insurance policies for other medical disorders. When it comes to infectious diseases, improper or incomplete drug use can result in drug resistance, which could have a "far-reaching public health impact" on the entire world's population (Ong, H. L., Chua, B. Y., Abdin, E., Seow, E & Subramaniam, M., 2016). The chance of low birth weight babies, newborn health issues, and "incomplete immunity," all of which are risk factors for infant death, can also rise as a result of maternal depression. Even if the majority of Individuals suffering from mental illnesses are not involved in risky behavior, violence, or imprisonment within this population can have profound negative effects on the economy and society. Mental illness, which can vary in nature and severity, is a burden on both the community and the nation (American Psychiatric Association. 2015).

Physical changes including tension, anxious thoughts, and elevated levels of blood pressure constitute all symptoms of anxiety. People suffering from anxiety-related conditions frequently experience recurring disruptive ideas or worries. They might avoid specific situations out of fear. Also, they might experience physical side effects as sweating, shaking, lightheadedness, or heart palpitations (World Health Organization, 2006).

Distortions in thought, perception, emotion, language, self-awareness, and behaviour are hallmarks of schizophrenia. Hallucinations (hearing noises or seeing things that are not there) and delusions are frequent occurrences ‘fixed false beliefs’ (Stephens, K. A., Guo, A., Langabeer, J. R., & Foraker, R. E. (2016). Manic-depressive disorder, or bipolar disorder, is a mental condition that causes extremes in mood. Sometimes, those who have this illness experience extreme joy and happiness (or irritability), extreme sadness, or typical feelings. This illness is known as "bipolar" disorder because of the emotional ups and downs, or the two extremes of emotions, that it causes. The patient's mood, however, is not always cyclical, and occasionally, both the ups and downs can occur at the same time (mixed state). The commencement of a manic episode is the defining feature of bipolar disorder. In fact, patients must have at least one manic episode in their lifetime, with or without a depressive episode, in order to be considered to have bipolar disorder (Adjeiwaa-Manu, N. A., 2013).

Long-term behavioral patterns and interior experiences that dramatically deviate from expectations are traits of personality disorders. Late adolescence or early adulthood is when the patterns of experience and behavior start, and they lead to discomfort or functional issues. The personality problem can persist for a very long time without treatment. At least the following two aspects are impacted by personality disorders: The way you relate to people, how you feel emotionally, how you think about yourself and others, and how you manage your conduct (Guarda, A, 2015).

A behavioral illness known as an eating disorder is defined by severe and ongoing irregularities in eating behavior as well as associated upsetting thoughts and emotions. These can be extremely significant illnesses that impair social, mental, and physical functions. The eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are examples (Kaur, H., Sharma, S., & Vallamkonda, O. S. R. 2018). Low body weight and height are results The condition known as anorexia nervosa is a condition marked by famine and loss of weight. Except for heroin addiction, an eating disorder possesses the highest death rate among all mental diagnosis, and it can be an extremely hazardous illness. Body mass index, or body mass index (B is an individual's height and weight measurement that is generally less than 18.5 in adults with anorexia nervosa (R., Reddy, P. K., V., Macharapu, & Babu, S, 2017).

Materials and Method

This study has a descriptive cross-sectional design. It was held at various medicine schools in Karachi. Following clearance of summary, the study conducted for 6 months. The study's sample size was 377. Non-probability sampling was used. First, second, and fifth year male and female PT students were included. Third- and fourth-year DPT students as well as students in other professions were excluded. Via the use of a questionnaire, data was gathered. The questionnaire was split into two sections, the first of which asked items from an attitude scale for mental illness. This was true and trustworthy. A Likert scale of 5 points was used to score the participants' comments, with 1 being entirely disagree and 5 being completely agree. (5). Lower scores show positive attitudes toward individuals who have mental illnesses. Separatism: Ten items, ranging from 1 to 24, were included in the survey to gauge respondents' attitudes towards discrimination, such as "Unpredictable behavior is common among those with mental illness." Includes four measures (10–13) that measured the extent to which respondents maintained Their social seclusion from people suffering from mental disorders. For instance, "Those who have a mental ailment are simple to spot." 

Consists of four items (14–17) that are restrictive and have There are various opinions on the rights of people suffering from mental illnesses. Here's an example: "A person with a mental disorder should not get wed." Goodwill (reverse-coded): eight inquiries (18-23, 25-26) about respondents' attitudes toward people with mental illnesses, such as "People with mental disorders can hold a job."

The SPSS-25 version used to analyses for data. For a quantitative variable, mean and SD were determined. %ages and frequency were Negative prognosis: Includes four questions (items 31–34) measuring the pupils' stigmatizing behavior towards mental illness. (24) Medical students who met the requirements for inclusion received a questionnaire. The signed consent was fully informed. Everyone who participated completed the questionnaire and gave it to the researcher so that she could account for qualitative characteristics. Chi-square test was done to examine the relationship between the variables. The ISRA the institution of Rehabilitation discipline Karachi campus, ethical review committee, approved the request. The secrecy was preserved. Before beginning, participants agreed upon an informed consent form completing the questionnaire. Data were codified. The budget for this study was roughly 10,000 Pakistani rupees.

Results

In table IV-4 students were asked unpredictable behavior is common among those with mental illness. Out of 377 (100%) participants. 40(10.6%) were completely disagree 32(8.5%) were almost entirely disagree. 136(36.1%) were Sometimes you have to agree 107(28.4%) were Almost entirely agree and 62(16.4%) were completely agree.

In table IV-5 students were asked those who have previously experienced mental illness are more likely to do so again, out of 377 (100%) participants 34(9.0%) were completely disagree 71(18.8%) were almost entirely disagree. 136(36.1%) were  Sometimes you have to agree 98(26.0%) were Almost entirely agree and 38(10.1%) were completely agree.

In table IV-6 students were asked if a mental health center is built on my street or in my neighborhood, I will leave, out of 377 (100%) participants 168(44.6%) were completely disagree 104(27.6%) were almost entirely disagree. 67(17.8%) were Sometimes you have to agree 23(6.1%) were Almost entirely agree and 15(4.0%) were completely agree..

In table IV-7 students were asked i would still be wary of being around someone with mental illness even after they had received treatment out of 377 (100%) participants 106(28.1%) were completely disagree 93(24.7%) were almost entirely disagree. 136(36.1%) were  Sometimes you have to agree 25(6.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 17(4.5%) were completely agree..

In table IV-8 students were asked patients with mental illnesses and other patients should not receive care in the same hospital out of 377 (100%) participants 93(24.7%) were completely disagree 79(21.0%) were almost entirely disagree. 93(24.7%) were Sometimes you have to agree 57(15.1%) were Almost entirely agree and 55(14.6%) were completely agree..

In table IV-9 students were asked the legislation need to let the other spouse to apply for divorce when one partner suffers from a mental illness out of 377 (100%) participants 155(30.5%) were completely disagree 103(27.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 95(25.2%) were Sometimes you have to agree 38(10.1%) were Almost entirely agree and 26(6.9%) were completely agree..

In table IV-10 students were asked violence is more common among those with mental disorders out of 377 (100%) participants 50(13.3%) were completely disagree 57(15.1%) were almost entirely disagree. 162(43.0%) were Sometimes you have to agree 54(14.3%) were Almost entirely agree and 54(14.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-11 students were asked mentally sick individuals are harmful out of 377 (100%) participants 61(16.2%) were completely disagree 48(12.7%) were almost entirely disagree. 146(38.7%) were Sometimes you have to agree 67(17.8%) were Almost entirely agree and 55(14.6%) were completely agree..

In table IV-12 students were asked Mentally sick individuals should be dreaded out of 377 (100%) participants 82(21.8%) were completely disagree 88(23.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 134(35.5%) were Sometimes you have to agree 46(12.2%) were Almost entirely agree and 27(7.2%) were completely agree..

In table IV-13 students were asked those who suffer from mental illness can be quickly identified out of 377 (100%) participants 39(10.3%) were completely disagree 90(23.9%) were almost entirely disagree. 136(36.1%) were Sometimes you have to agree 68(18.0%) were Almost entirely agree and 44(11.7%) were completely agree..

In table IV-14 students were asked the traits of a person's behavior can quickly identify those who suffer from mental illness out of 377 (100%) participants 40(10.6%) were completely disagree 54(14.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 126(33.4%) were  Sometimes you have to agree 91(24.1%) were Almost entirely agree and 66(17.5%) were completely agree..

In table IV-15 students were asked mentally sick individuals have lower IQs out of 377 (100%) participants 51(13.5%) were completely disagree 83(22.0%) were almost entirely disagree. 129(34.2%) were Sometimes you have to agree 59(15.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 55(14.6%) were completely agree..

In table IV-16 students were asked every sick person exhibits some peculiar behavior out of 377 (100%) participants 44(11.7%) were completely disagree 76(20.2%) were almost entirely disagree. 136(36.1%) were Sometimes you have to agree 74(19.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 47(12.5%) were completely agree..

In table IV-17 students were asked a person suffering from mental disease should not get married out of 377 (100%) participants 64(17.0%) were completely disagree 95(25.2%) were almost entirely disagree. 127(33.7%) were  Sometimes you have to agree 51(31.5%) were Almost entirely agree and 40(10.6%) were completely agree..

In table IV-18 students were asked mentally unwell people are unable to fully heal out of 377 (100%) participants 89(23.6%) were completely disagree 115(30.5%) were almost entirely disagree. 119(31.6%) were Sometimes you have to agree 32(8.5%) were Almost entirely agree and 22(5.8%) were completely agree..

In table IV-19 students were asked mentally sick people should not have children out of 377 (100%) participants 95(25.2%) were completely disagree 104(27.6%) were almost entirely disagree. 124(32.9%) were Sometimes you have to agree 31(8.2%) were Almost entirely agree and 23(6.1%) were completely agree..

In table IV-20 students were asked for those who suffer from mental disease, there is no future Out of 377 (100%) participants 135(35.8%) were completely disagree 121(32.1%) were almost entirely disagree. 83(22.0%) were Sometimes you have to agree 19(5.0%) were Almost entirely agree and 19(5.0%) were completely agree.

In table IV-21 students were asked mentally sick individuals can work, out of 377 (100%) participants 43(11.4%) were completely disagree 72(19.1%) were almost entirely disagree. 140(37.1%) were Sometimes you have to agree 70(18.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 52(13.8%) were completely agree..

In table IV-22 students were asked family and friends' care and support can aid those with mental illness in their rehabilitation out of 377 (100%) participants 31(8.2%) were completely disagree 39(10.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 90(23.9%) were Sometimes you have to agree 69(18.3%) were Almost entirely agree and 148(39.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-23 students were asked those with mental illnesses should be given jobs by businesses, the community, and the government out of 377 (100%) participants 49(13.0%) were completely disagree 56(14.9%) were almost entirely disagree. 149(39.5%) were Sometimes you have to agree 63(16.7%) were Almost entirely agree and 60(15.9%) were completely agree..

In table IV-24 students were asked after receiving treatment for their mental illness, a person can resume their prior employment out of 377 (100%) participants 27(7.2%) were completely disagree 43(11.4%) were almost entirely disagree. 118(31.3%) were Sometimes you have to agree 97(25.7%) were Almost entirely agree and 92(24.4%) were completely agree..

In table IV-25 students were asked allowing people with mental illnesses to live in the community and lead regular lives is the best method to aid their recovery out of 377 (100%) participants 38(10.1%) were completely disagree 49(13.0%) were almost entirely disagree. 103(27.3%) were Sometimes you have to agree 103(27.3%) were Almost entirely agree and 84(22.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-26 students were asked even after receiving treatment and rehabilitation, we should not be friends with those who are suffering from mental illness out of 377 (100%) participants 129(34.2%) were completely disagree 77(20.4%) were almost entirely disagree. 100(26.5%) were Sometimes you have to agree 36(9.5%) were Almost entirely agree and 35(9.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-27 students were asked even after receiving treatment, people with mental illnesses are still more dangerous than healthy individuals out of 377 (100%) participants 111(29.4%) were completely disagree 84(22.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 132(35.0%) were Sometimes you have to agree 30(8.0%) were Almost entirely agree and 20(5.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-28 students were asked everybody has a chance of developing mental disease out of 377 (100%) participants 59(15.6%) were completely disagree 66(17.5%) were almost entirely disagree. 133 (35.3%) were Sometimes you have to agree 74(19.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 45(11.9%) were completely agree..

In table IV-29 students were asked even when people with mental illness act strangely, we should not make fun of them out of 377 (100%) participants 49(13.0%) were completely disagree 35(9.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 85(22.5%) were Sometimes you have to agree 61(16.2%) were Almost entirely agree and 147(39.0%) were completely agree..

In table IV-30 students were asked people with mental illnesses have a tougher time getting paid equally for doing the same job out of 377 (100%) participants 41(10.9%) were completely disagree 50(13.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 150(39.8%) were Sometimes you have to agree 63(16.7%) were Almost entirely agree and 73(19.4%) were completely agree..

In table IV-31 students were asked it will be challenging for those with mental illnesses to reintegrate into society after therapy out of 377 (100%) participants 62(16.4%) were completely disagree 71(18.8%) were almost entirely disagree. 155(41.1%) were Sometimes you have to agree 54(14.3%) were Almost entirely agree and 35(9.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-32 students were asked humans have prejudices against persons who suffer from mental illness out of 377 (100%) participants 50(13.3%) were completely disagree 60(15.9%) were almost entirely disagree. 176(46.7%) were Sometimes you have to agree 56(14.9%) were Almost entirely agree and 35(9.3%) were completely agree..

In table IV-33 students were if you have a mental disease, it is challenging to have close friends out of 377 (100%) participants 56(14.9%) were completely disagree 54(14.3%) were almost entirely disagree. 142(37.7%) were Sometimes you have to agree 74(19.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 51(13.5%) were completely agree..

In table IV-34 students were asked those who are successful in work are less likely to suffer from mental illnesses out of 377 (100%) participants 57(15.1%) were completely disagree 70(18.6%) were almost entirely disagree. 166(44.0%) were Sometimes you have to agree 54(14.3%) were Almost entirely agree and 30(8.0%) were completely agree..

In table IV-35 students were asked possessing a mental condition is embarrassing out of 377 (100%) participants 176(46.7%) were completely disagree 72(19.1%) were almost entirely disagree. 93(24.7%) were Sometimes you have to agree 24(6.4%) were Almost entirely agree and 12(3.2%) were completely agree.

In table IV-36 students were asked I advise those with mental illnesses to keep their sickness a secret from others out of 377 (100%) participants 169(44.8%) were completely disagree 75(19.9%) were almost entirely disagree. 90(23.9%) were Sometimes you have to agree 25(6.6%) were Almost entirely agree and 18(4.8%) were completely agree..

In table IV-37 students were asked I recommend that those suffering from mental disorders keep their illness private out of 377 (100%) participants 28(7.4%) were completely disagree 112(29.7%) were almost entirely disagree. 74(19.6%) were Sometimes you have to agree 132(35.0%) were Almost entirely agree and 31(8.2%) were completely agree.

Table 1. Statistics, Age

Table 2. Gender

Table 3. Year

Table 4. Unpredictable behavior is common among those with mental illness.

Table 5. Those who have previously experienced mental illness are more likely to do so again.

Table 6. If a mental health center is built on my street or in my neighborhood, I will leave.

Table 7. I would still be wary of being around someone with mental illness even after they had received treatment

Table 8. Patients with mental illnesses and other patients should not receive care in the same hospital.

Table 9. The legislation need to let the other spouse to apply for divorce when one partner suffers from a mental illness.

Table 10. Violence is more common among those with mental disorders.

Table 11. Mentally sick individuals are harmful.

Table 12. Mentally sick individuals should be dreaded

Table 13. Those who suffer from mental illness can be quickly identified.

Table 14. The traits of a person's behavior can quickly identify those who suffer from mental illness.

Table 15. Mentally sick individuals have lower IQs.

Table 16. Every sick person exhibits some peculiar behavior.